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PEP Spartalon

From Athens to Sparta—37 Years of Spartathlon Current studies analyzed the participation and performance trends of historical races such as the oldest ultra-marathon (Comrades) or the oldest 100 km ultra-marathon (100 km Biel). One of the toughest and historical ultra-marathons in the world is the Spartatlon (246 km long ultra-marathon of Athens to Sparta). The present study aimed to analyze the trends in terms of participation and performance of this race.Various linear models were used as follows: The first model was a two-way Anova (decade × gender) with separate models for all participants and only for the five best participants in each race;The second model was a Two-Way Anova (age group × gender).The third model was a two-way Anova (nationality × gender).Between 1982 and 2019, 3,504 ultra-marathon runners (3'097 men and 407 women) have officially finished the Spartatlon at least once. Athletes from Japan were the majority with 737 participants, followed by runners from Germany (n = 393), Greece (n = 326) and France (n = 274).The nations with the highest number of athletes among the five best service providers were Japan (n = 71) followed by Germany (n = 59) and the United Kingdom (n = 31).Runners from the USA were the fastest and runners from Great Britain were the fastest in women.Runners improved their performance over the decades. The annual five fastest women and men improved their performance over time.Male runners scored their best performance earlier in life (20-29 and 30-39 years) as a female runner (30-39 and 40-49 years).Runners in the age group of 30 to 39 years, with the exception of Greece, were the fastest of all nationalities.

EliteMarathon runners are faster at higher temperatures

Elite marathoners run faster with increasing temperatures in Berlin Marathon The influence of environmental conditions was examined for various marathon races, but not for the Berlin Marathon, the fastest marathon race in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, sunshine and air pressure on the marathoning times at the Berlin Marathon since its first event in the years 1974 to 2019.A total of 882'540 finishers (724'135 male and 158'405 female runners) were analyzed. We conducted analysis regarding the level of performance, with all finishers, the top 3, the top ten and the top 100 women and men were considered.Within the 46 years of the Berlin-Marathon examined, there was no rain in the 18-year rain and in 28 years.At 25 of the outputs, sunshine was prevalent, while the other 21 outputs prevailed the cloud cover.There was no significant time trend with one of the weather variables (no temperature rise over the years). The overall runners became slower with increasing temperature and sunshine duration, but rails of elite runners (Top 3 and Top Ten) to run faster and improved their racing times when the temperature rise, with women improved more than men.Top ten women seemed to benefit more from rising temperatures than top ten men, and male top 100 runners seemed to benefit more from rising temperatures than female top 100 runners.

The age of the best marathon and half marathon runners in the world

No Trends in the Age of Peak Performance among the Best Half-Marathoners and Marathoners in the World between 1997-2020 We examined the potential trend in the age of the highest performance at Elite endurance athletes by gender, continent of national citizenship of athletes and rank. Since performance is a multifactorial feature, this information can be used to control long-term training and planning strategies in connection with the selection process of athletes.Information from 1,852 Professional Aports classified between 1997 and 2020 as top 20 performance of each year at marathon and half marathon events have been considered.The variance analysis was calculated to test age differences between gender, continent and rank. A significant difference between the middle age groups was observed.For both sexes, half marathon runners were disciples than marathon runners (men’s half marathon 25.6 ± 3.6 years compared to men Marathon 28.0 ± 3.9 years; Women’s Half Marathon 27.5 ± 4.4 years against women Marathon 28.4 ± 4.1 years).Female half-marathon runners showed the highest average age (31.1 ± 4.8 years) in 2004 compared to the same age in 1997, 2001, 2018 and 2019. Among the male half marathon runners, those in 1999 compared to 2011, 2018 and 2019 showed the highest average age. Differences between the continents of national citizenship of the athletes were observed.Asian runners had the lowest average age (26.5 ± 3.7 years), while their European competitors had the highest age (31.1 ± 3.9 years). No significant interaction between gender and rank was verified.Differences were observed between the sexes for categories 4. to 10. Positions and 11th to 20th positions.

Pacing over 10 km and marathon

Pacing in Long-Distance Running: Sex and Age Differences in 10-km Race and Marathon The recent availability of data from mass participation volumes has made it possible for researchers to examine the pace from the perspective of non-elite spacers. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the literature, we concluded that no study that uses data on mass participation events has ever compared the speed of the 10 km race directly to other long-distance races. Therefore, the main objective of this study was evaluating and comparing the pacing between 10 km runners and marathon runners in terms of their sex and ages. For the purposes of this study, official results of the Oslo Marathon (n = 8,828) and 10-KM race (n = 16'315) were taken into account from 2015 to 2018.Both 10 km runners and marathon runners showed a positive pacing. In addition, a two-way variance analysis showed that women at the marathon were less likely to slower than men (9.85% compared to 12.70%), but not at the 10 km race (3.99% compared to 3.38%). Finally, tempo changes in the youngest and oldest marathon runners compared to the other age groups are more pronounced (12.55% compared to 10.96%).

Variability of Brazilian runners from different regions

Running Performance Variability among Runners from Different Brazilian States: A Multilevel Approach The ecological model theory emphasizes that human development (or a particular behavior) is the result of the interplay of variables derived from different levels and comprising those that are directly related to the subjects, and those who focus on theEnvironment relate. In view of this, the purpose of this study is to determine whether the performance of the runners can vary between different Brazilian states than the factors associated with this difference. The sample included 1,151 Brazilian runners (61.8% men), which filled an online questionnaire, the information on biological (gender, age, size and weight), training (running pace, frequency and volume / week and motivation) and socio-demographic (Place) provided residential and wage aspects and perceptions about the environmental influences.Information about state variables were obtained from official institutes and included the Human Development Index (HDI), athletics events and the violence. A multi-level analysis was performed in HLM software.Characteristics on state level declared ≈3% of the total variance of mileage.Of the total variance declared for the individual level were 56.4% with the male gender, the age and the body mass index, economic status, perception of the natural environment, training frequency and weekly volume. At the state level, only athletics events had a positive and significant impact on performance.The area plays an important role in explaining the variability of mileage.

The influence of running on the heart

Effects of medium- and long-distance running on cardiac damage markers in amateur runners: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression To finish a long-distance race, the athletes have an intensive effort that induces the release of markers for a heart muscle damage.There are several factors that can influence the total number of these markers. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze the impact of endurance races on markers for a heart muscle damage and identify the factors that change the degree of segregation of these markers. A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases has been performed.This analysis included studies in which the acute effects of races on markers were analyzed for a heart muscle damage (troponin I and troponin T), with the mirrors of these markers being evaluated before and after the races. The effects of races on troponin I and troponin T were significant.The age and body mass indices of the athletes had a significant interaction with troponin I. In addition, gender, mean speed, time until the end of the race and type of race influence the height of the markers for a heart muscle damage. Long-distance races lead to the release of markers for a heart muscle damage, which remain elevated after the races for at least 24 hours.In addition, young male athletes use high body mass indices that perform races that combine long duration and moderate intensity (marathons), the highest levels of markers for a heart muscle damage free.

Ultramarathon and rhythm disorders

The acute effects of an ultramarathon on biventricular function and ventricular arrhythmias in master athletes The endurance sports practice has increased significantly in recent decades, with a growing share of participants older than 40 years.Although the benefits of moderate regular movement are known, there are concerns about the potential negative effects caused by extreme endurance sports. The aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of an ultramarathon race on the electrocardiogram, the bivescentricular function and ventricular arrhythmias in a population of master athletes. Master’s athletes were recruited, which participated in an ultramarathon (50 km, 600 m altitude difference) without heart disease in the prehistory.From the day before until the end of the race, an electrocardiogram was continuously recorded with a derivative. Before and at the end of the race, echocardiography and a rest electrocardiogram with 12 derivatives were performed.The sample consisted of 68 healthy, not professional athletes. Compared to the baseline, the R-wave amplitude in V1 and the QTC duration after the race was higher.Load-induced insulated premature ventricular strokes were observed at 7% of the athletes.Nobody showed a non-persistent ventricular tachycardia before or during the race.The left ventricular ejection fraction, global longitudinal string and twisting did not differ significantly before and after the race. After the race, no significant differences were found in the dimensions of the right ventricular inflow and drainage tract, the change of the partial surface, and the GLS of the free wall.

Cardiovascular risk in ultra skiers

Cardiovascular risk among ultra-endurance runners The aim of this study was the prevalence and the clinical correlates of conventional cardiovascular risk factors in marathon runners with extreme endurance. An electronic Internet survey for the characterization of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, tobacco exposure and obesity (BMI> 30 kg / m2) for competitive ultra skills.Of 290 respondents (42 ± 11 years, 31.4% female) had 106 (36.6%) at least an established cardiovascular risk factor. The female gender, younger age and participation in competition sports were associated with freedom of cardiovascular risk factors. There were no significant relationships between risk factor status and hours per week running training (risk factor negative = 10 ± 7 vs. Risk factor positive = 11 ± 8 hours) or years of extreme duration competitions (6 ± 8 vs. 7 ± 9 years). Runners with at least one cardiovascular risk factor had more personal or equal concerns about excessive alcohol consumption.Conventional cardiovascular risk factors are common in ultra skills. Early participation in competition sports instead of movement habits in adults is associated with the reduction of the development of cardiovascular risk factors in middle age.

Body fat and performance in the triathlon

Distribution of body fat is associated with physical performance of male amateur triathlon athletes Endurance sports are strongly connected to maximum oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold, running economics and body fat percentage.Although the importance of low-fat mass for the performance is a consensus in the literature, there is no data on the meaning of the pattern of fat distribution. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the relationship between the fat mass distribution with the triathlon performance and the physiological power dwellers: maximum oxygen consumption, fantatical threshold and tread economy, and the predictive value for the performance of the gynoid or Android fat mass to verify distribution. 39 triathlets (38.8 ± 6.9 years, 174.8 ± 6.5 cm and 74.3 ± 8.8 kg) were applied to anthropometric (total body mass, fat mass, lean mass, android and gynoid fat mass) and physiological (maximum oxygen consumption, fantatile threshold, and running economy) examined.The overall relationship of the race time with the gynoid fat mass was classified as moderate to high and with the android fat mass as low. All mutacles and the entire race time showed significant and positive correlation with the total fat mass (%) and with the gynoid fat mass (%).The entire race time can be better predicted by the gynoid fat mass than through the Android fat mass.