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Are nutritional supplements of entry into doping?

Refined Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Doping Survey Among Recreational Triathletes: Support for the Nutritional Supplement Gateway Hypothesis In recent years, there was an increasing number of studies that dietary supplements could be the entry into doping. The current literature does not provide consensus that dietary supplements can display the entry into doping.In particular, studies of recreational awarders are missing. In an earlier empirical cross-sectional study, this research group first evidence provided that the use of dietary supplements can be introduced to the use of doping substances in recreational triathlets. For the present work, the investigators refine the analysis of the triathletal survey to provide evidence of a ‘gateway hypothesis’ for dietary supplements for recreational awards. A questionnaire with paper and pencil was distributed to a sample of 2'997 ironic and half-iron man triathlets.The randomized response technique was used to evaluate the 12-month prevalence estimate for the use of doping substances. The prevalence for the use of nutritional supplements was analyzed by direct survey.Tests were carried out to determine whether the estimated prevalence for the use of doping substances between users and non-user supplements of nutritional supplements differs significantly. The 12-month prevalence estimate for the use of doping substances is significantly higher for athletes reporting on the use of dietary supplements (20.6%) than in athletes that do not do this (11.4%).

Influence of the weight of the shoes on performance and tread economy

Influence of Shoe Mass on Performance and Running Economy in Trained Runners The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the addition of shoe mass to the running economy, the gang characteristics, the neuromuscular variables and performance in a group of trained runners. Eleven trained runners (6 men and 5 women) completed four units that were at least 7 days apart. The first unit consisted of a maximum test in which the second fan threshold and the speed associated with the Vo2max were calculated.In the next sessions, the tread economy at 75, 85 and 95% of the second fan threshold and the time to exhaustion was examined in the speed associated with the Vo2max under three different conditions (control, +50 g and +100 g). Biomechanical and neuromuscular variables, lactate and energy consumption were measured to exhaustion during the period.The running economy deteriorated with the increase in shoe mass (compared to 100 g) at 85% and 95% of the second fantastic threshold.The heart rate significantly increased with the addition of mass (50 g) at 75% of the second fantastic threshold and 75%, 85% and 95% of the second fantastic threshold at addition of 100 g.The time to exhaustion was significantly longer in the control state compared to 100 g (\ ~ 42 s), but not between control and 50 g (\ ~ 24 s).

Physiological reactions and food intake during a 7-day tread record

Physiological Responses and Nutritional Intake during a 7-Day Treadmill Running World Record Ultra-Running includes running events that are longer than a marathon (> 42.2 km). The extended duration of the Ultralaufs leads to a decrease of most or all physiological parameters and a significant energy effort and energy deficits. The runner, 47 years, 162.5 cm, 49 kg, Vo2max 4 ml / kg-1 / min-1, ran continuously for 7 days on a treadmill in 3-hour blocks, followed by 30-minute breaks and slept by1-5 o’clock. Heart rate, oxygen uptake, assessment of perceived effort, weight, lactate, hemoglobin, hematocrit and glucose as well as diet and fluid intake were recorded. The runner ran 17.5 h / day and put back \ ~ 120 km / day with \ ~ 7 km / h.The energy consumption for each 24-hour period was 6878 KCAL / day and the energy consumption 2701 KCAL / day.The energy consumption was 382 kcal / h, where 66.6% came from the fat and 33.4% from the carbohydrate oxidation.The energy supply at seven days was 26'989 kcal and energy consumption 48,147 kcal in a total energy deficit of 21,158 kcal.The average oxygen uptake was 1.2 l / min / 24.7 ml · kg · min-1, the respiratory quotient 0.80 ± 0.03, the heart rate 120-125 b / min-1.The weight rose from 48.6 to 49.5 kg.The hemoglobin decreased from 13.7 to 11 g / dl and the hematocrit of 40% to 33%.The runner ran 833.05 km.

Influence of the climate on the marathon performance

Diverse Effects of Thermal Conditions on Performance of Marathon Runners The heat influences human performance in many ways.Both physiological and biomechanical mechanisms are influenced, thereby reducing performance. However, the exposure relates to persons differently.Not all athletes necessarily have a similar thermal condition, and this point has been overlooked so far. During the last 12 New York City Marathon, we analyzed the endurance services of the 1000 best runners every year.The thermal conditions were equipped with the so-called ‘Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature’ and the so-called ‘Universal Thermal Climate Index’. With the identical thermal stress, the fastest runners recorded a larger amount of performance than the slower.

Pacing of a racing roll chair in a fivefold and ten times Ironman

Pacing strategy of a wheelchair athlete in a 5x and 10x Ironman ultra triathlon: a case study For disabled athletes like wheelchair users there is no knowledge of competitions and pacing during a long-distance triathlon like an Ironman triathlon. The aim of this study was to examine the pacing strategy of a cross-sectional wheelchair sports enthusiast, which has a Quintuple Iron Ultra Triathlon (five times 3.8 km swim, 180 km handbike cycling and 42.195 km wheelchair race in five days) and a Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon(10 times the same distance in 10 days) completed and ended. Data was collected from an ultra-triathlon race (Swissultra) over 5x and 10x Ironman distance.Official data was retrieved from the website of the racing organizer and the personal information of the athlete by the athlete by online interviews. The athlete is a 1962 born man.The races analyzed in this study took place in the summer of 2017 (5x) and 2019 (10x). The intermediate times for swimming, cycling and running, the total times for each Ironman and lap times when cycling (handbike) and running (wheelchair) were analyzed.The athlete ended the Quintuple Iron Ultra Triathlon in a total runtime of 66:28:31 H: Min: S and the Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon in 137: 03: 20 h: min: s. He drove a uniform pace in both races in both disciplines and for the entire competition time.The cross-sectional wheelchair sports enthroned could end both a fivefold and a Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon by taking a uniform tempo in all separate disciplines and for the entire competition time. Triathlon is a growing sport for athletes with spinal cord injuries. Ultra triathlons are ultra-endurance events and the tempo is a key aspect for a successful race, regardless of the category of the athlete.

What influences the performance with a triathlon about the Olympic distance?

Previous experience, aerobic capacity and body composition are the best predictors for Olympic distance triathlon performance: Predictors in amateur triathlon The present study examines predictors for the entire competition time and the individual disciplines in a triathlon over the Olympic distance. Ninn-thirty male and six female triathlets were examined for anthropometric, physiological, genetic, training-related, clinical and circadian properties. The body composition, the maximum capacity for oxygen uptake, the maximum aerobic speed, the anaerobic threshold, the triathlon experience and the genotype for α-actinin 3 influenced the entire competition time. The entire competition time can be predicted with the maximum aerobic speed, the triathlon experience and the percentage of lean mass. Swimming can be predicted by the maximum aerobic speed, the triathlon experience and the anaerobic threshold. Cycling can be predicted on the basis of the maximum aerobic speed, the triathlon experience and percentage of the lean mass. When running, the maximum aerobic speed was the only parameter that was present in the best multiple linear regression model.

What influences the fitness level of half marathon runners?

Health and Wellness Status Perception of Half-Marathon Runners: Influence of Age, Sex, Injury, and Training with Qualified Staff The aim of this study was to analyze the perception of health and wellness status in amateur half marathon runners by gender, age, injury or non-violation in the two months before the race and to receive the support or non-support of qualified personnel for the race preparation. At the study, 644 half-marathon athletes participated in amateur levels (515 men and 107 women; 41.5 ± 10,1 years).One week before participating in a half marathon, the participants answered the Hooper Index and the SF-36 questionnaire. Women gave a higher stress in front of the competition than men, and the group of runners of <40 years stated that they were more tired in comparison to the group of> 40 years.Women showed a better quality of life in physical and emotional rolling dimensions, and the group of> 40 years showed a better quality of life in the emotional rolling dimension. The group that had suffered an injury (Injuryyes), described a stronger muscle cat (Musclsore), and the group that had qualified personnel (Qualifstaffyes), explained a higher level of stress and fatigue. The Injury No (Injuryno) group showed a better quality of life in the dimension of the physical function. The group without qualified personnel (Qualifstaffno) showed a better quality of life in the dimensions of body pain, general health, vitality, social function and spiritual health, while the Qualifstaffyes Group showed better results in the dimensions physical function and emotional role.

The body composition for long-distance runs

Body composition among long distance runners The current study aimed to examine the body composition of adult male ultra-trail runners after their participation (regional versus national) (regional ultra-trail runners against national ultra-trail runners). The body composition were examined by the so-called air displacement plethysmography, the so-called bioelectrical impedance, and the so-called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.In addition, the so-called Food Frequency Questionnaire was used. Significant differences between the different groups of different groups were detected for the chronological age (regional ultra-trail runners 38.8 ± 8.2 ± 3.1 years 38.8 ± 8.2 ± 4.1 years);Body density (regional ultra-trail runners 1.062 ± 0.015 l / kg against national ultra-trail runners 1.074 ± 0.009 l / kg);and fat mass (regional ultra-trail runner 12.7 ± 6.8 kg against national ultra-trail runners 7.6 ± 2.7 kg). National ultra-trail runners were younger, showed higher values for body density and had less fatty mass, although no significant differences were found for the fat-free mass.

What influences the motivation with marathon runners?

Do Sex, Age and Marital Status Influence the Motivations of Amateur Marathon Runners? The Poznan Marathon Case Study The purpose of this study was to describe reasons to participate in a marathon and their context with marital status, age and gender. A total of 433 runners, of which 144 women and 349 men, completed the Polish version of the so-called Motivation of Marathoners Scale with 9 dimensions published as part of an online survey at the Pozen Marathon in Poland (2019). The age of athletes (19-25, 26-35, 36-50, 51-70 years) and the civil level (single, married, divorced) were queried by the participants. The results showed that statistically significant associations between the motivational aspects of the athletes and the sex and age of the athletes were found.For this purpose, three dimensions of the Motivational of Marathoners Scale - statistically associated with the gender of the athletes, another three dimensions were different due to age, and finally, the civil level in none of the dimensions showed differences. In addition, in the multivariate analysis, in the civil level, gender and age group were compared according to the motivation of Marathoners Scale, no statistical differences were found.