News

The women in ultra-bike races

Can the Performance Gap between Women and Men be Reduced in Ultra-Cycling? This study examined a large data set of ultra-cycling racing results to examine the gender difference in ultra-cycling performance (100 to 500 miles) after age and renowning distance. Data from the period 1996-2018 were retrieved from the database of the Ultra-Cycling Marathon Association (UMCA), including distance-limiting ultra-cycling races (100, 200, 400 and 500 miles). A total of 12,716 racing results were analyzed to compare the performance between men and women after calendar year, age group (18-34, 35-44, 45-59 and 60+ years) and RenDistance.Men were faster than women in 100 and 200 miles races than women, but with the 400 and 500 miles races, no gender differences were found. The performance ratio (average cyclist / average cyclists) was lower in the 200 miles races compared to the 100-mile races and remained stable for the 400 and 500 miles races.

Pacing in swimming with Masterathlen

Pacing in World-Class Age Group Swimmers in 100 and 200 m Freestyle, Backstroke, Breaststroke, and Butterfly The pacing for swimming was investigated in the pool swimming for freestyle in elite pigs as well as master’s swimming, over the pacing in master squids, which compete on world class level in the back swimming, breast swimming and dolphin, but little is known. The aim of this study was to investigate the pacing of master squids that approached in the four individual disciplines (freestyle, back, chest and dolphin) on world-class level at 100 and 200 m. Data was analyzed at 18,187 finishers who participated in four Fina Champion Championships between 2014 and 2019.The sample comprised 3,334 women and 14'853 men. The swimming speed decreased with increasing age.Freestyle was the fastest and bundle swimming the slowest style.Women and men were in 100 m faster than in 200 meters. Back was the style with the lowest and dolphin with the highest variation coefficient of the swimming speed.100 meters had a higher variation coefficient in the swimming speed as a breast swimming.In the second round, the swimming speed for 100 m decreased for all styles and all ages.For 200 m, the swimming speed in the first round was the fastest for all styles and all ages.

Are women faster than men swimming?

Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines—Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming? In recent years, the interest of female dominance has increased by long-distance swimming, publishing several newspaper articles in which the performance and dominance of women was speculated - especially when the ultra-distance swimming in open water. The aim of this overview is to check the scientific literature in relation to the difference between the sexes for all swimming styles (dolphin, back swimming, breast swimming, freestyle and layer swimming), different distances (sprint to ultra). Extreme conditions (cold water), different age and swim integrated in multi-port disciplines such as triathlon, in different age groups and the course of calendar years were also taken into account. The influence of different physiological, psychological, anthropomometric and biomechanical aspects for the possible explanation of female dominance was also discussed. The databases Scopus and PubMed were searched until April 2020.Mainly long-range floats were examined in the open waters and pool swimmer of different ages and performance levels. For long-distance swimmers in the open waters of the ‘Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming’ with the ‘Catalina Channel Swim’, the ‘English Channel Swim’ and the ‘Manhattan Island Marathon Swim’, women were about 0.06 km / h faster than men. In master swimming (age groups from 25 to 29 to 90 to 94 years), which participated in the FINA World Cup in Pool Swimming in Freestil, Back, Dolphin, Chest, Layers and 3000-M Open, showed that female master swimmers are ableare to achieve similar achievements like men in the oldest age groups (older than 75-80 years). At boys and girls aged 5 to 18 years - and the 100 best freestyle swimming services of the US from 50 m to 1500 meters - the five fastest girls until the age of “were faster than the five fastest boys.After the age of 10 and until the age of 17, however, boys were increasingly faster than girls. Therefore, women tended to reduce the existing gender differences in certain age groups (younger than 10 years and older than 75-80 years) when swimming in the pool or even exceeding long-haul swimming in open water (distances of “30 km), in particularUnder extreme weather conditions (water colder than \ ~ 20 ° C).

The meaning of the skin fold thickness at marathon runners

Skinfold Thickness Distribution in Recreational Marathon Runners The relationship of the body fat percentage to the performance of elite marathon runners was well examined.However, there are less information about the variation of the skin fold thickness after gender and performance at non-elite marathon runners available. The aim of the present study was to examine the variation of the skin fold thickness after gender and performance in leisure marathon runners. Participants belonged to 32 female (age 40.1 ± 9.0 years, body fat 19.6 ± 4.7% and training volume 47.7 ± 22.6 km) and 134 male marathon runners (age 44.3 ± 8.8Years, body fat 17.6 ± 4.0% and exercise volume 53.0 ± 21.2 km). The biggest skin fold thickness was the stomach in both sexes, while the smallest of the biceps in men and the chin was in women.The largest gender-specific difference in the thickness of the skin folds was observed in triceps, where the skin fold was thickest in women.The biggest difference in the skin fold thickness between the men’s power groups was observed on the Beckenkamm and the smallest on the patella and the proximal calf.

What limits during an ultramarathon?

What are the Limiting Factors During an Ultra-Marathon? A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature. The aim of this review was to analyze factors that restricted performance with ultra-marathons and mountain ultra-marathons. A literature search in a database (pubmed) was carried out in February 2019.The information quality The article was assessed by the evidence level of Oxford and the scale of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (Pedro). The search strategy gave a total of 111 quotes, 23 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria.21 The 23 trimged studies had an evidence degree 2B (single cohort study), while the two remaining studies had an evidence of 5 (expert opinion). The mean value on the pedro scale was 3.65 ± 1.61 with values between 0 and 7. Participants were characterized in all studies as experienced or well-trained athletes. The total number of participants was 1'002 (893 men, 86 women and 23 unknown). The results of this overview suggest that fatigue in extreme duration is a multifactorial phenomenon that includes physiological, neuromuscular, biomechanical and cognitive factors.

40 Ironman-Triathlons in 40 Tagen

Self-Selected Pacing During a World Record Attempt in 40 Ironman-Distance Triathlons in 40 Days In the present case study, performance, speed and potential predictors were analyzed in a world record attempt of a professional triathletes to end 40 Ironman triathlons within 40 days. Intermediate times (swimming, cycling, running) and total times, body weight, daily highest temperature, wind speed, energy consumption, middle heart rate and sleep time were recorded. Nonlinear regressions have been used to examine changes in the distribution and total times for days.Multivariate regression analyzes were performed to test which variables showed the greatest influence on the dependent variable cycle, running and overall time. The athlete completed the 40 Ironman routes in a total time of 444: 22 h: min.He spent 50:26 h: min during swimming, 245: 37 h: min at cycling, 137: 17 h: min while running and 11:02 h: min in the change zone.The swimming and cycling times were slower over the days, while the maturities were slower until the 20th day and then slower until the 40th day.The total times were slowed down until the 15th day, until the 31st faster and then began to become slower until the end. The wind speed, the final time of the previous day and heart rate during cycling were important independent variables that influenced the cycle time.The body weight and average heart rate during the run were significant independent variables that influenced the mileage.Wheel capacity, mileage and body weight were significant independent variables that influenced the total time.

Change of Herzyme at a 100 km running

Factors Related to Cardiac Troponin T Increase after Participation in a 100 Km Ultra-Marathon. Intensive and longer training leads to an increase in the troponin concentration in the blood.The mechanism responsible for troponin release during workout is still unclear. The aim of the study was to search for risk factors for a troponin increase after a longer endurance competition. The study included a group of 18 amateurs, healthy volunteers (average age 41.5 years, IQR 36-53 years, 83% men) participated in a 100 km of ultra-marathon. Information on demographic features, heart rate before and after the race, blood pressure, body composition and glucose, lactate (L), troponin T (HS-TNT) and C-reactive protein concentration (HS-CRP) were obtained.In addition, data for L and glucose levels was collected all 9.2 km and for liquid / food intake during the race. There was a significant HS-TNT increase after the race that exceeds the upper reference values at 66% of the runners.None of the parameters said in case of measurement before the race a rise of the HS-TNT after the race. The only factors that correlated with changes in HS-TNT were the mean L concentration during the race and the change in HS-CRP concentration.

Muscle damage and kidney damage in endurance charges

Exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury in endurance sports: a systematic review The increasing dissemination of endurance events in sports such as swimming in open water, cycling, running and triathlon has led to concerns about possible impact on renal function and kidney health. This study aimed to examine the results for rhabdomyolysis under load and acute renal failure in endurance sports, whereby the diagnostic criteria used as well as the physical and ecological context conditions, among which rhabdomyolysis reported under load and acute renal failure, were highlighted. According to the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyzes, topic-related studies were searched in digital sources (from 2009 to 2020). Studies with biomarkers of rhabdomyolysis under load and acute renal failure reported on endurance or ultra-endurance events have been included. A total of 43 publications were extracted, and 345 (43.5%) persons were with rhabdomyolysis under burden (creatinine kinase> 5'000 UI / l) and 130 (16.39%) with rhabdomyolysis under load and acute renal failure (creatinine ≥ 1, 88 mg / dl) diagnosed). Of the total cases of rhabdomyolysis under stress and acute renal failure, 96.92% were ultra-runner. There were inconsistencies between studies on diagnostic criteria for rhabdomyolysis under load and acute renal failure, which showed a difficulty in the interpretation of the data. Increased muscle and kidney damage immediately after endurance events have been reported, but after 5.86 days, these values normally returned to the initial value. There is a lack of knowledge about the potential of repeated rhabdomyolysis under stress and acute renal failure predisposing long-term chronic kidney disease.

Vitamin D im Sport

Vitamin D and Sport Performance Vitamin D is very important for general health, but also for sporting performance.A lack of vitamin D becomes a serious problem.It has been reported that various disturbances are associated with a vitamin D deficiency. Certain population groups such as infants, children, women before menopause, various breeds or ethnic groups and elderly people have an increased risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. For athletes, certain groups such as women may have a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency. So far, little is known whether the supplement with vitamin D in athletes with vitamin D deficiency improves performance. An objective of this special edition is to obtain more information about the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in various sports disciplines and populations.