What influences the competition time at a triathlon

Predicting Elite Triathlon Performance: A Comparison of Multiple Regressions and Artificial Neural Networks A German group has studied what variables influence the competition time in an Olympic triathlon. They determine aspects of body construction as well as physiological variables based on a stress test.

The authors concluded the aspects of body construction such as shoulder and pelvic width and various physiological variables have an impact on the competition time. The evaluation can be found under https://sciendo.com/article/10.1515/ijcss-2017-0009

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Nutrition in extreme duration

Nutrition in Ultra-Endurance: State of the Art Athletes participating in endurance sports should deal with nutritional questions, especially with regard to the energy and fluid budget.An extreme duration race - which lasts at least 6 hours after definition - can lead to an energy deficit of up to 7'000 kcal per day. Such a high negative energy balance is a weighty problem for health and performance, as it leads to events such as long-distance swimming, long-distance wheel driving and long-distance running to a decrease in the fat and skeletal muscle. The so-called sportsanemia caused by strong physical stress and gastrointestinal discomfort under very hot or very cold environmental conditions must also be considered as an important factor in health and performance in extreme duration.In addition, liquid losses can achieve by welding up to 2 l / h due to increased metabolism for prolonged training and in a hot environment, which can lead to a hypohydration. Athletes have an increased risk of stress-associated hyponatremia and swelling of the limbs when fluid intake is too high.

12-hour run at 95 years

Pacing during and physiological response after a 12-hour ultra-marathon in a 95-year-old male runner In recent years, outstanding achievements of older people was reported up to 100 years.In this case study, the pacing was described during and the recreational phase after a 12-hour run for a 95-year runner.The athlete reached a total distance of 52.987 km. The pacing followed a parabolic pattern (U-shaped) in which the speed decreased to the middle of the race and then increased again.However, no final spurt was observed. If you divide the race in quartiles, a great effect of the first quarter was observed to speed, with the second quarter of slower than the first quarter and on.The smallest variability was shown in the first quarter and the largest in the second quarter. During the recreational phase, erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit took, while thrombocytes and leukocytes decreases.The metabolites CRP, GOT, GPT, Y-GT, CK and LDH were increased after the race and decreased again during regeneration on the reference area. In addition, creatinine and urea decreased during recovery.The creatinine clearance rose during the recovery phase.Sodium increased during the recovery phase and remained constant in the reference range. During regeneration, body fat and visceral fat mass decreased, while body water and muscle mass increases.

Aspirin for prophylaxis?

Aspirin to Prevent Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes with High Coronary Artery Calcium Scores While a successful Reanimation has improved the survival after a cardiac arrest during road runs in Japan, this achievement no longer deals with the coronary heart disease as the cause of an increasing frequency of cardiac arrest in Middle-aged men during marathons and Ironman triathlons. Based on the high prevalence of subclinical coronary artery disease through the use of cardiac computed tomography at endurance awards with low profiles of the cardiac highway factor, we recommend the calcium values of coronary artery in the CT as a more reliable and independent predictor for cardiac events, including death, as among adults aged 3046 years confirmed.

Pacing in long-distance running

Effects of Pacing Properties on Performance in Long-Distance Running This article focuses on the performance of runners in official races. Based on extensive public data of participants in races organized by the ‘Boston Athletic Association’, how different pacing profiles can influence performance in a race. The pacing of an athlete refers to the running speed in different sections of the race. The data acquisition includes three years of data published by the racing agencies, and mainly includes times at various points that provide information about the individual runner’s speed profile. 10 km, half marathon and the marathon were taken into account with a record of 120,472 runners. Since age is a crucial but complex determinant for performance, the age effect was first modeled gender and distance-specific. High degree polynomials and used to cross validation to select models that are both accurately and sufficiently generalizable. Thereafter, a clustering of the racing profiles was performed to identify the dominant pacing profiles that select the runners. After the influences of age were compensated, a descriptive pattern mining approach has been applied to select reliable and informative aspects of the pacing that best determine optimal performance.

Vitamin D in Swiss athletes

Predictive Factors for Vitamin D Concentrations in Swiss Athletes: A Cross-sectional Study Vitamin D concentrations that correspond to 75 Nmol / L 25 (OH) D were associated with the maintenance of muscle function, growth and regeneration, optimal bone health and immunology for athletes. In this study, the prevalence and predictors for insufficient 25 (OH) D concentrations were examined for athletes. 603schweizer athletes were evaluated.25 (OH) D was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information about possible predictors for the 25 (OH) D concentrations. 50 \ .5% showed inadequate 25 (OH) D concentrations.Differences in the predicted probability of inadequate 25 (OH) D were in vitamin D supplementation (42%) compared to non-supplementation (52%), for indoor athletes (58%) against outdoor sports (43%) and inThe sun-senior autumn season (49%), winter (70%) and spring (57%) compared to summer (17%). Higher BMI Z values and age were connected to higher 25 (OH) D concentrations. Inadequate 25 (OH) D concentrations are common for athletes, especially in a recent age, in those who have not been supplemented, for athletes trained in closed rooms, and during the sun-senior season.

The left-hearted function in swimmers and runners

Left Ventricular Structure and Function in Elite Swimmers and Runners Sport-specific differences in the left ventricle (LV) of athletes who are not moving in the water have been studied several times. However, compare with athletes in water sports are sparse.The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the LV structure and function of elite schemes and runners. At the study, 16 elite swimmer 16 elite runners participated.All athletes ran through echocardiography at rest. The LV dimension, the global systolic and diastolic LV function were determined and the LV mechanism determines. The early diastolic function was lower in floats lower, including the maximum early transmitral filling speed, the middle early mitral ring tip speed and the ratio of peak early velocity to the late transmitral filling speed. The diastolic mechanics index of the time until the maximum speed rate also occurred in diastoles in floats. The heart time volume was greater with swimmers, which was attributed to their higher heart frequencies.All other indices of systolic LV function and dimensions were similar between the groups.

The influence of gender, age and performance level on the pacing in the Ironman

The effect of sex, age and performance level on pacing of Ironman triathletes The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gender, age and performance level on the pacing of Ironman triathlets. The section times in swimming, cycling and running as well as the total time of 343'345 athletes who participated between 2002 and 2015 at 253 different Ironman triathlons were analyzed. The participants were divided into nine performance groups after their total time. The times when swimming, cycling, running and changing zones were specified as a percentage of the total time.Women turned relatively little time (%) when swimming, running and changing as well as more time (%) when cycling than men. The fastest power group was relatively faster during running (34.8 ± 1.4 compared to 40.3 ± 3.0%) and the change zone (0.9 ± 0.3 compared to 2.2 ± 0.6%) and relatively slowerWhen swimming (10.2 ± 0.8) against 9.8 ± 1.5%) than the slowest power group. The athletes of the younger age groups were relatively faster when swimming, and in the change zone, but relatively slower when cycling.

The influence of gender and performance level on the pacing in the Duathlon

The Effect of Sex and Performance Level on Pacing in Duathlon The goal of the study was the study of the effects of sex and performance on pacing on the short (Run 1 with 10 km, bike with 50 km and Run with 2 5 km) and the long route (Run 1 with 10 km, bike with 150Km and Run 2 with 30 km) at the Powerman World Cup ‘Powerman Zofingen’. All finishers (n = 6671; women, n = 1037; Men, n = 5634), which were either in the short or long-distance version of ‘Powerman Zofingen’ from 2003 to 2017, were used for the time completed in each discipline (RUN 1, Bike and Run 2) and Change Zone (Tran) from Run 1 to Bike (Tran 1) and Bike to Run 2 (Tran 2). The athletes were divided into quartile (Q) groups (Q 1, Q 2, Q 3 and Q 4), where Q 1 was the fastest and Q 4 slowest. On the short corner of both sexes, a middle discipline / change zone × Quartile interaction over the relative time was observed, with Q 1 in Tran 1, Tran 2 and Run 2 relatively the fastest and the slowest in bike. On the long distance, both sexes were observed with a strong interaction between discipline and change zone × Quartile over the relative time where Q 1 was relatively fastest in Tran 1, Tran 2 and Run 2 and the slowest in bike.