Age class runners in athletics

Improved Performance in Master Runners Competing in the European Championships between 1978 and 2014 The performance trends in elite runners were well examined, but we know nothing about performance trends and the difference between the sexes in older runners running at a high level on different routes. We now have data from Seventeen European Championships between 1978 and 2014 were analyzed for various distances (100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, 10 000 m and marathon). The running speed for the best 8 female and male finalists for each age group (35-99 years, divided into 5-year intervals) and any renowning dance was taken into account. It showed that the men were faster on all routes than women and the difference between the sexes on the shorter routes. The running speed was higher for shorter distances than for longer distances. Younger runners were faster than older runners, and the influence of the age group was greatest for the 200 m. It showed a small influence of the calendar year on the running speed for 100 m, 200 m, 1500 m, 10 000 m and marathon.

Women in the Boston Marathon

Performance Differences Between the Sexes in the Boston Marathon From 1972 to 2017 The differences between the sexes in the marathon were examined for athletes who participate in world-class races.However, there is no information about changes of these differences since the first woman officially participated in marathons.We examined the trends in participation and performance at the Boston Marathon from 1972 to 2017. In total, 371'250 different finishers (64% men) and 553'890 observations - of which 187,998 (34%) women and 365'892 (66%) men - analyzed with generalized additive mixed models.The number of finishers rose over the years.The participation of women began in 1972 at 2,81% and reached a value of 45.68% in 2016.Men were men (03:38:42 ± 00:41:43 h: min: s) a total of 10.7% faster than women (04:03:28 ± 00:38:32 h: min: s). The average performance worsened over the years, but the differences between the sexes took off.For the 10 fastest runners per year, the performance improved with a reduction in speed difference (total 18.3%, men: 02:13:30 ± 00:04:08 H: min: S vs. Women: 02:37:42 ± 00: 17:58 H: Min: S).The annual winners improved the performance with a decrease in speed difference (15.5% overall, men: 02:10:24 ± 00:03:05 H: min: S vs. Women: 02:30:43 ± 00:11:05 h: min: s).

Cycling decides the Ironman of the best triathlets

Cycling as the Best Sub-8-Hour Performance Predictor in Full Distance Triathlon For all triathlon distances (short distance, Olympic distance, Half-Ironman and Ironman), triathlets spend more time with cycling than swimming or running.However, running has proven to be the discipline with the greatest influence on the overall performance on the Olympic distance. However, there is no evidence that discipline has the largest influence on the Ironman route (3.8 km swimming / 180 km cycling / 42.195 km), especially for the fastest athletes of all time. The total separation times of 51 fastest triathlets (all under 8 hours) were examined, while a sample of 44 participants was considered for the meantime. The discipline that seemed to predict the closing time was cycling, followed by running and swimming. In addition, cycling was the discipline with the highest performance improvement over the years, while the performance was easily decreased.

Electrolyte disorders in a half marathon

Dysnatremia among runners in a half marathon performed under warm and humid conditions The so-called dysnatremia was associated with sporty activities, especially long-distance races and endurance sports.

A high fluid intake is associated with a hyponatremia. This current study aimed to evaluate the dysnatremia and risk factors in half-marathon runners under warm and humid ambient conditions.At the 2017 CALI Half Marathon, a cross-section study was carried out with randomly selected runners.Runners with diuretics therapy or known kidney disease were excluded. The participants ran a two-day investigation.In the first assessment, the history, training history, the body mass index and the history were determined. The symptoms of dysnatremia and fluid consumption during the race were registered during the second assessment, and a blood collection with serum sodium was carried out after the barrel. 130 runners were involved in the study.The complete 2-day rating was carried out at 81 participants (62%), which were included in the final analysis.No cases of hyponatremia were found.Instead, there were six cases of asymptomatic hyperremia (7.4%). These hyperremia had a statistically significant relationship with lower frequency and volume of fluid intake during the race. Hyponatremia was associated with high fluid absorption at races in cool weather like the Boston Marathon in the spring.In contrast, a hyperriaemia was more likely to be found in a half marathon with warm and humid weather, resulting in a smaller volume and a lower frequency of fluid intake. This suggests that a mean fluid intake of 900 ml could prevent this event during the race under warm and humid conditions of this event. The study can be found under https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29955376/

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How do half marathon and marathon runners share the race?

Pacing of Women and Men in Half-Marathon and Marathon Races The half marathon is the most popular running competition with regard to the number of runners and runners.However, no study has compared the pacing for this distance with marathon. The aim of the present study was to examine the pacing in the half marathon, compare the half marathon and the marathon with respect to the pacing and to estimate the gender differences in the pacing. A total of 9137 finishers of the half-marathon and the marathon in Ljubljana 2017 in five racing segments (0-23.7%, 23.7-47.7%, 47.4-71.1%, 71.1-94.8%, and 71.1-94.8% and94.8-100%) of the race analyzed.Half marathon runners had a positive pacing, each segment thicker than the previous without a final spurt. The average percentage of speed change (ACS) was 5.71%, in the marathon, even pacing (ACS = 4.10%) was observed than the half marathon. The pacing of a half-marathon follows a unique pattern that distinguishes this distance of Marathon, wherein the former has a more uniform pace with a lack of end spurt and gender difference compared to the latter. The runners should therefore be recommended to choose a less variable pacing with a half marathon, regardless of their gender.

Health of vegetarians

Health Status of Female and Male Vegetarian and Vegan Endurance Runners Compared to Omnivores—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2) The health effects of vegetarian and vegan diet are well known.However, the data is only sparse in terms of their suitability for the particular nutritional needs of durable runners. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the health status of vegetarian (ver) and vegan runners (VGR) and compare them with a control group (OR).A total of 245 female and male leisure runners ended an online survey. The state of health was evaluated by measuring health-related indicators (body weight, mental health, chronic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions, drug intake) and health-related behavior (smoking habits, nutritional supplements, food selection, health care).There was 109 OR, 45 VER and 91 VGR. Significant differences were found for the following findings: the body weight for VER and VGR was lower than for OR, VGR had the highest food selections and VGR had the lowest prevalences of allergies. There was no connection between diet and mental health, medication taking, smoking habits, dietary supplements and health care.

Motivation at ultra skills

Motivation in ultra-marathon runners In the ultramarathon run, the motivation of the athlete is one of the milestones, not only during the race, but also during the workouts, which are long and very exhausting. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between sports experience (expressed as the number of finishes in ultramarathons) and the motivational properties of ultramarathon runners. The Motivation of Marathoners Scale ’examined the motivation of ultramarathon runners compared to long-haul runs with shorter distances (control group).Participants were 1,539 Polish runners, 382 women (24.7%) and 1,157 men (75.3%).The ultramarathon runners (n = 425, 26.7%) terminated at least one ultra-marathon, while the control group consisted of fovers shorter distance (n = 1.114, 72.3%). The ultra-marathon runners had higher values in affiliation, life meaning and lower in the areas of weighting, personal target achievement and self-esteem as runners in the control group. The number of completed ultra-marathons was negative with the personal target achievement, the competition and the recognition scale.The degree of training experience correlated negatively with the personal target achievement scale for all participants and with the self-value scale in the control group.

Sodium supply in sports

Sodium Intake Beliefs, Information Sources and Intended Practices of Endurance Athletes Before and During Exercise. There is little information that describes how endurance athletes perceive sodium recording in terms of training and competition. On the basis of an online questionnaire, opinions, sources of information and intended practices were evaluated in terms of sodium recording for training and competition. Endurance athletes from six English-speaking countries filled out the questionnaire and were included for analysis.The most common sources of information were social contacts, self-experiments and media. The respondents said that endurance athletes generally require additional sodium daily, benefiting from an increased sodium content in the days before the competition, the sodium losses should be replaced during training and competition and would benefit from welding composition tests. The respondents generally considered that the intake of sodium during endurance training from muscle cramps and a hyponatremia associated with movement prevents.The majority planned to consciously increase sodium recording or food intake in the days before competition. Most of them were aware of sodium recording during the competition, but only about a third could formulate a particular revenue plan. A small minority indicated to use commercial welding tests, 75% of the opinion that this was advantageous.It has been followed that endurance athletes usually feel the sodium supply as important for their sports activities.

The performance of the Russian runners at the Comrades Marathon

Russians are the fastest and the youngest in the “Comrades Marathon” This study should determine age, performance, nationality and participation over the years with runners participating in the “Comrades Marathon”, the ultra-marathon with the longest tradition and the highest number of finishers worldwide. We have analyzed 235'467 finishers (40'211 women and 195'256 men) between 1994 and 2017.For women and men, Russians were the fastest (12.55 ± 2,03 km / h or 12.24 ± 2,93 km / h) and Indians the slowest (7.87 ± 0.64 km / h and 7, 91 ± 0.60 km / h).In addition, the Russians were the youngest (33.9 ± 4.6 and 36.3 ± 5.9 years) and the Japanese the elders (49.3 ± 9.6 and 51.4 ± 12.3 years) runners.