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When is it too cold in long-distance swimming?

How cold is too cold? Establishing the minimum water temperature limits for marathon swim racing The idea for this study was a basis for rules for a minimum temperature of the water in long-distance floors to deliver and highlight the facts that prone to swimming in open water for excessive cooling. 12 Slim competition swimmer slammed up to two hours three times at different water temperatures between 14 ° C and 20 ° C and only carried the standard equipment. The rectal temperature, the oxygen consumption, the perception of cold and the performance were measured. At 16 ° C, half of the floats did not swim twisting;Four were hypotherm (or was predicted to become hypothermic) within two hours of hypotherm (or it was predicted.At 18 ° C, three quarters ended swimming;Three became (or have been predicted) Hypotherm.At 20 ° C was predicted that a float cooled in less than two hours. The average linear rate of the rectal temperature drop was 16 ° C (-1.57 ° C / hour) larger than 18 ° C (-1.07 ° C / hour). There was no change in the swimming performance during swimming or between the conditions. Most of the cooling rate could be explained by metabolic heat generation and morphology for both 16 ° C and 18 ° C. No relationship was observed between the rectal temperature and the perception of the heat feeling, and there was a weak correlation between the rectal temperature and the thermal sensation.

The heart in a transcontinental

Cardiac structure and function in response to a multi-stage marathon over 4486 km The idea of the study was to investigate whether the participation in the Trans Europe Foot Race 2009, an ultramarathon race at 64 consecutive days over 4486 km led to changes in the heart structure and function. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 20 out of 67 participating runners (two women; medium age ± SD 47.8 ± 10.4 years) at three times (baseline scan at 294 ± 135 km (B), scan two at 1735 ± 86KM (T1) and scan three at 3370 ± 90 km (T2)) during the Trans Europe Foot Race. The imaging comprised an assessment of the left ventricular structure (mass) and function (elongation).In parallel, cardiac troponin I, NT-Pro-BNP, Myostatin and GDF11 were determined in venous blood samples. A partial sample of ten runners returned eight months after the race to a follow-up scan. The left ventricular mass increased significantly during the race (B 158.5 ± 23.8 g, T1 165.1 ± 23.2 g; T2 167 ± 24.6 g), although no significant change in the remaining structure and function detectedwould. The serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I and NT-probnp increased significantly at 1.5- or 3.5 times during the first measuring interval, without further increasing (cardial troponin I, 6.8 ± 3.1 (B), 16.9 ± 10.4 (T1) and 17.1 ± 9.7 (T2), NT-Probnp, 30.3 ± 22.8 (b), 135.9 ± 177.5 (T1)and 111.2 ± 87.3 (T2)), while the growth markers did not change myostatin and GDF11. No association with functional parameters was observed, including the ejection fraction and the volume of both ventricles. The follow-up scans showed a reduction to the baseline values (left ventricular mass 157 ± 19.3 g).

At 83 years to the marathon

The Physiological Characteristics of an 83-Year-Old Champion Female Master Runner This work describes the investigation of the cardioreespiratory, muscular and skeletal properties of an 83-year-old runner, which had placed several world records in the age group of 80- to 84-year-olds. The measurements of maximum oxygen uptake, the maximum heart rate, the maximum isometric torque for knellet muscles, the muscle volume top and lower leg and the bone mineral density of the proximal femur were evaluated. Based on previously published equations, the physiological age for maximum oxygen uptake, the maximum heart rate and the maximum isometric torque was determined. The muscle volume for the dominant leg was compared with previously published gender and age-appropriate data using Z-Scores.For the bone mineral density, the T-Score and the Z score were calculated. The runner had the highest maximum oxygen uptake (42.3 ml × min-1 × kg-1), which has ever been observed with a woman over 80 years, which gave her a remarkable physiological age (27 years). In contrast, she had a physiological age closer to its biological age for maximum isometric torque (90 years) and maximum heart rate (74 years). The Z values for the muscle volume of thighs (0.4) and lower legs (1.1) showed that the leg muscles of the runner were almost as strong as their gender and age-appropriate peers. The T-score (-1.7) for the bone mineral density showed that the runner had an osteopenia, but no osteoporosis, and the Z-score (0.7) showed that the bone mineral density of the runners of women in the same age similarwas.

Finisher and non-finisher in the ultramarathon

Multidisciplinary Analysis of Differences Between Finisher and Non-finisher Ultra-Endurance Mountain Athletes Ultra races are one of the physical and mentally most demanding sports. The objectives of this study were the analysis of differences in selected psychophysiological parameters between finisher and non-finishers and the analysis of psychophysiological parameters before and after an ultra-race.Selected psychophysiological variables were investigated in 46 finishers and 24 non-finishers in two over 100 km long ultra races. It could be demonstrated as an ultra race for dehydration, a decrease in systolic blood pressure, the weight and muscle force of the legs as well as an increase in the heart rate and the rate of perceived load values led. Participants showed a lower systolic blood pressure compared to non-participants, a lower weight, a lower body mass index, a quick half marathon period and lower fluid intake before the competition day.

Pacing an Ultra Triathlon

Effects of The Performance Level and Race Distance on Pacing in Ultra-Triathlons The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the performance level and race distance to the pace at Ultra Triathlon (Double, Triple, Quintuple and Deca Iron Ultra Triathlon), which is defined as the relative time (%).which is spent in each discipline (swimming, cycling and running). All Finishers (n = 3'622) of Double, Triple, Quintuple and Deca Iron Ultra-Triathlon between 1985 and 2016 were analyzed and divided into quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4), where Q1 is the fastest and Q4 slowest. The performance of all non-finishers (n = 1'000) in the same period was also investigated. Double and Quintuple Iron Ultra Triathlons (24.4%) revealed the highest rate of non-finishers, and Deca Iron Ultra Triathlons achieved the lowest rate (18.0%). DECA IRON ULTRA triathlets (6.7 ± 1.5% and 48.8 ± 4.9%) proved to be the fastest and double (9.2 ± 1.6% and 49.6 ± 3.6%) Triple Iron Ultra triathlets than the slowest, with Q4 the fastest group (8.3 ± 1.6% and 48.8 ± 4.3%) and Q1 the slowest (95 ± 1.5% and 50.9 ± 3.0%). When running, Double Iron Ultra Triathlets were relatively fastest (41.2 ± 4.0%) and Deca Iron Ultra Triathlets (44.5 ± 5.4%) slowest, with Q1 the fastest (39.6 ± 3, 3%) and Q4 The slowest group was (42.9 ± 4.7%).

World record for father and son in the marathon

Case studies in Physiology: Analysis of the World record time for combined father and son marathon The aim of this study was to examine the physiological profiles and the pacing of the father (59 years old) and the son (34 years old), which the world record time (4:59:22 h: min: s; Father: 2:27: 52 H: Min: S, son: 2:31:30 h: min: s) have broken for the combined father-son marathon in 2019. The oxygen uptake (VO2), the heart rate (HR), the breathing (VE), the blood lactate concentration (LA) and the tread economy (RE) were measured during treadmill running tests. The total distance of the marathon was divided into 8 sections of 5 km and a last section of 2.195 km, and the relative average running speed on each section was calculated individually.Vo2max, Hrmax, Vemax, Lamax were 65.4 ml × kg-1 × min-1, 165 beats × min-1, 115 l × min-1, 5.7 mmol × L-1 for the father and 66.9ML × kg-1 × min-1, 181 beats × min-1, 153 l × min-1, 11.5 mmol × L-1 for the son.At 17 km × H-1 fraud re 210 ml × kg-1 × min-1 for the father and 200 ml × kg-1 × min-1 for the son, and% Vo2max was 90.9% for the father and 84, 5% for the son. The father held a uniform running speed during the marathon (running speed CV <1%), while the son ran the second half marathon 7% slower than the first, and his running speed dropped significantly from the 35th kilometer. Father and son, who had broken the world record time for the combined marathon of father and son, had a similar performance level, but their physiological profiles and pacing strategies during the marathon were different.

Mental hardness in the marathon of the Sables

Mental Toughness and Associated Personality Characteristics of Marathon des Sables Athletes Mental hardness is commonly referred to as an important prerequisite for sustainable sporting achievements.The increased research focus on the mental hardness has led to the development of a consistent debate focusing on whether the construct is a one-dimensional or multi-dimensional feature and whether it can be distinguished from similar constructs such as the winter hardness. In order to improve the clarity of mental hardness, the present study is exploratory nature and uses athletes who participated in the ‘marathon of the SABLES’. The Marathon of the Sables is a time-limited run over 250 km in the Sahara, which takes place over six days at temperatures of over 40 ° C. 42 British participants at the Marathon of the Sables were recruited via the British organizational company.Each participant completed the Neo PI-R as a measure of the five main areas of the personality as well as the six features or facets that define each area. In addition, you filled out the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ).The Neo Pi-R results of the participants in the Marathon of the Sables were compared with the general population standards, and the results showed a pronounced ultra-endurance athlete profile characterized by a significantly higher level of extroverse and openness to experiences. In addition, the SMTQ values of the participants at the Marathon of the Sables were higher than the normalized sample consisted of a collection of athletes representing several sports.

The meaning of the crew at the Raam

Participating In The Race Across AMerica In A Team Of Eight Cyclists: Do Not Neglect Crew Preparation. The Race Across America (RAAM) is considered one of the longest and hardest cycling races in the world.It can be done alone or in a season of two, four or eight people. The aim of the present study was to examine various physiological, perceptual and psychological reactions, during and after RAAM in a team of eight amateur vehicles. Since the logistics of the entire team is demanding and complex, the crew members have applied the same test procedure.The main result was that the parameters in cyclists in the course of the RAAM were not changed globally than with crew members, and that all variables returned to the level a week after the race in both groups in front of the race. In the crew, the body fat was reduced in the middle of the race (center) compared to a week before the Raam (pre) (-1.5%) and the entire body water in the middle before the race increased (+ 2.5%).Therefore, the execution of the race with eight well-prepared amateur vehicles seems to reduce the potential health risks. In the crew, the strength of the quadrice for each valuation date remained stable, but the general fatigue increased during the entire race. The most important message of this study is that crew members need adequate and sufficient preparation and training for an eight-member team.Roles and responsibilities must be thoroughly defined.Individuals must know each other and be prepared for sleep deprivation.

Cardiale biomarker in the ultramarathon

Blood cardiac biomarkers responses are associated with 24 h ultramarathon performance. The clinical significance of the response of heartbiomarkers in ultra-runners is not fully clarified as the runs in terms of route and duration vary and the competitors modulate the running intensity according to individual travel capacity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the self-chosen training intensity and heartbiomarkers by comparing experienced (n = 11) and inexperienced (n = 14) runners, which a 24-hour ultramarathon with significant differences in performancecan finish.Heartbiomarker (CKMB / Totalck, CTNT and NT-Probnp), inflammatory markers (leukocytes and CRP) and cortisol were analyzed before and after a 24-hour ultramarathon. Experiencing runners ended the race with a significant longer distance as inexperienced runners (158.8 ± 15.8 versus 116.8 ± 10.3 km). The evaluation showed a significant interaction between time and performance level with a greater increase in CTNT, NT-Probnp and Cortisol in the group of experienced runners.CKMB / Totalck decreased, while leukocytes and CRP climbed in both groups.Correlations between traveled distance and cortisol, CKMB, CTNT or NT-Probnp were found.Cortisol and NT-Probnp were also significantly correlated. Although there are no clear indications of a heart risk, if cardiac biomarkers are compared with clinical limits, cardiale biomarkers are associated with the mileage and the reaction of the hypophysen adrenal tongue system.