Dr. Beat Knechtle of St. Gallen - Recognized as an Expertscape World Expert in Running
Read moreBased on 9'508 scientific work, which has been published by more than 14,100 authors since 2008, I lie worldwide at 1st place for the field of research, running ‘. The whole compilation can be found under https://www.expertscape.com/ex/running
Celebrating 40 Years of Ironman: How the Champions Perform We wanted to find out what discipline the strongest performance improvements in the history of the Ironman Triathlon in Hawaii and also which discipline had the greater impact on the entire race. Data from 1983 to 2018 The three best women and men of each year participated in the Ironman World Cup were taken into account.In addition to explorative data analyzes, linear regressions were carried out between intermediate times and years. Furthermore, a stepwise multi-linear regression was used, wherein the total time was used as a dependent variable and the intermediate times as an independent variable. Both women and men significantly improved their achievements from 1983 to 2018 at the Ironman World Cup. When swimming, there was the biggest difference in improvements between men and women (3.0% compared to 12.1%). Both women and men, a negative and significant decline in each discipline was found, with cycling the discipline with the greatest reduction. The results of gradual multiple regression showed that cycling for both sexes was the discipline with the highest influence on the total time.
Read moreAge of maximum performance in Ultra-Marathon One of our published works was recently commented.In recent years, the number of participants has increased exponentially to 100 km ultramarathons. Although most participants have already participated in shorter runs for several years, we do not know much about the influence of age. Recently, the results of a study were published (Nikolaidis Pt and Knechtle B, 2018, J Strength Cond Res 27-Feb; DOI: 10.1519 / JSC.0000000000002539), whose goal was to analyze age, in which UltraLauer reach its highlightConsideration of age groups of 5-year intervals and analysis of the times of all participants and the 10 fastest times in each age group. The times of 370'051 athletes (44,601 women and 325,450 men) were analyzed, which completed at least a 100 km run between 1959 and 2016. The maximum age of performance was 40-44 years in women and all men at 45-49 the participants, while it was 30-34 years in women and 35-39 years in men when taken into account the top ten. In an analysis of year to year, the maximum age of the performance of women was 41 years and in men of 45 years, taking into account all participants and 39 years in women and 41 years in men taking into account the top ten. These results that do not differ from the previously reported have some non-physiological considerations to consider, such as the difference between marathon and ultramarathone, where the best athletes (younger age groups) can be selected for the marathon.
Read moreTraining and Body Composition during Preparation for a 48-Hour Ultra-Marathon Race: A Case Study of a Master Athlete Although the acute effects of ultra-endurance loads on the body composition were well examined, limited information about the chronic adjustments of the body composition to the ultra-endurance workout. The aim of the present study was to investigate the variations of training and body composition of an athlete during the preparation of a 48-hour ultra-marathon. For all training units (n = 73) before the race, running track, duration and tempo were recorded and body mass, body fat (BF), body water (%), visceral fat, fat-free mass (FFM) were four sizes (waist, upper arm, thighs and wade)and eight skin folds (chest, middle armpit, triceps, scapula, abdomen, beckenbamm, thigh and calf) measured in a 53-year ultra-endurance athlete. The main results of this study were that the athlete’s training plan followed a periodic pattern with respect to the training intensity and the training volume, which increased significantly with time, weight and body fat during the first 30 training units, and the sizes and skin folds were reflected in the respective decrease in theBody fat against. The results of this case study delivered useful information about the variation of the training and body composition during the preparation of an ultramarathon run in a male master ultramarathon runner.
Read moreChanges in Jumping and Throwing Performances in Age-Group Athletes Competing in the European Masters Athletics Championships between 1978 and 2017 The results of Masterathlets were previously used to examine the age-related differences in the aerobic capacity. However, fewer studies were performed on the variation of the jump and throat performance in old age. Therefore, the objective of the present study with elite master athletes was the study of age-related differences in litter (discus, hammer, spear and spherical pose) and leap (high jump, long jump, rod high jump and triumph) in 5-year age groups from 35-39 to95-99 years of elite master athletes and trends relating to performance and gender differences. The eight best finalists for women and men for every age group and every event of 20 Athletics European Championships between 1978 and 2017 were taken into account. A total of 13,673 observations were analyzed by 4,726 master athletes. For each event, a mixed regression model was created, with gender, age group, calendar year and interaction conditions (gender, age group, sex year) defined as fixed effects. The achievements improved over time with a linear trend for each event. Men had better achievements compared to women.The achievements decreased with increasing age for each event.
Read moreNutrition for Ultramarathon Running: Trail, Track, and Road. In the last three decades, the maturities and the number of participants in ultramarathon runs have risen continuously. In addition to the effort of prolonged running with or without packing, such events are often associated with a demanding topography, environmental conditions, acute temporary complaints and / or event-related health complications. These factors create a scenario for larger dietary needs that predispose ultramarathon runners for several barriers for food intake. In the current work, the ultramarathon’s physiological and nutritional requirements are intended to investigate and general indications of nutritional needs of ultramarathone training and competitions are given, including aspects of the diet’s logistics during the race. Research results suggest that the daily carbohydrates in the food (up to 12 g / kg / day) and the carbohydrate absorption (\ ~ 90 g / h for running distances ≥ 3 hours) support endurance training and improve endurance performance. Whether this recommendation is bearable in competition is questionable from practical and gastrointestinal perspective. Diet protocols such as glycogen manipulation or low-carbohydrate content diet and high fat content are currently popular with ultramarathon runners. Although the latter diet manipulation shows increased overall fat oxidation rates during submaximal load, the role in improving the ultramarathon running power is currently not supported. Ultramarathon runners can develop both a hypohydration and hyperhydration (with accompanying stress-associated hyponatremia) depending on the duration of the race and the ambient conditions. To avoid these two extremes, the dehydration can generally be maintained by “drinking to thirst”.
Read moreThe Differences in Pacing Among Age Groups of Amateur Cross-Country Skiers Depend on Performance The pacing was primarily examined for runners, but little runners is not known. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of performance and age on pacing in cross-country skiing. All finishers (women, n = 19'375; men, n = 86'190) of the “Engadin Ski Marathon” (42 km) between 1998 and 2016 were 10 km (A), 20 km (B) in terms of percentage speed change.and 35 km (C) analyzed. They were divided into performance groups after quartiles of average race speed (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4) and age groups of 5 years (<20, 20-24, 25-29 … 85-89 years).Men were + 14.3% faster than women (15.2 ± 4.0 vs. 13.3 ± 3.3 km). In women and men, a minor influence of the interaction between age group and power group was reflected on the change of A, where Q1 slowed down and Q4 weakened the speed reduction with age. However, the influence of the interaction of the age group × performance group on changes B and C was insignificant.Based on these findings, the conclusion was drawn that the differences in pacing between the age groups depend on the level of performance.
Read moreSex differences in pacing during half-marathon and marathon race The main objective of the present study was to examine the differences in pacing between half marathon and marathon in men and women.A total of 17'525 finishers were taken into account in the marathon (n = 4'807 men; n = 1'278 women) and half marathon races (n = 7'624 men; n = 3'816 women) in Vienna 2017.Their pace was based on five racing segments (0-23.7%, 23.7-47.4%, 47.4-71.1%, 71.1-94.8% and 94.8-100%) of theRace rated. Compared with Marathon (with absolute average speed changes of 5.46% or 4.12% in men and women), half marathon at both sexes became a more uniform pacing (ACS = 3.60% and 3.36% in men and women)Observed. The more uniform pace in women previously observed in marathon races was also detected in the half marathon. However, the gender difference in the pace was lower at a half marathon than at the marathon.
Read moreThe “New York City Marathon”: participation and performance trends of 1.2M runners during half-century. The aim of the present study was to investigate trends in terms of participation, performance, age and nationality during a period of \ ~ 50 years in the largest data record that has ever been examined at the New York City Marathon. We analyzed 1'174'331 finisher (women, n = 349'145, age 39.7 ± 8.7 years; Men, N = 825'186, 41.7 ± 9.2 years). The total participation increased across all calendar years for all nationalities, and this increase was more pronounced in women, which led to a decline in the men’s women’s relationship. Men were faster and older than women. Ethiopians and Kenyans were the fastest and recent women in women and men. Japanese were the slowest and the Germans in both sexes the oldest runners. The race took over years.
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